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1.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e21920, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1439531

ABSTRACT

Abstract We report here microemulsions (MEs) for topical delivery of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of skin cancers. Selected MEs consisting of Oil/Water (O/W) bicontinuous (BC) and Water/Oil (W/O) preparations were characterized as to pH, nanometric size, zeta potential, drug content, and viscosity. Sustained in vitro PpIX release was achieved from MEs 2A (O/W), 10B (BC) and 16B (W/O) through an artificial membrane for up to 24 h, characterizing MEs as drug delivery systems. None of these MEs showed permeation through the skin, demonstrating the required topical effect. After 4 h, in vitro retention of PpIX in the stratum corneum (SC) was higher from both ME 10B and control (PpIX at 60 µg/mL in PEG 300). However, in the Epidermis + Dermis ([Ep + D]), retention from ME 10B and ME 16B was ~40 times higher compared to control. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) showed higher fluorescence intensity in the SC for both control and ME 10B, whereas ME 10B fluorescence was higher in [Ep+D]. The results indicate that ME 10B is suitable for PpIX encapsulation, showing good characteristics and a localized effect for a potential delivery system for PDT-associated treatments of skin cancers.


Subject(s)
Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Protoporphyrins/agonists , Skin/injuries , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , In Vitro Techniques/instrumentation , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Microscopy, Confocal/methods , Dermis/abnormalities
2.
São José dos Campos; s.n; 2019. 74 p. il., graf., tab..
Thesis in Portuguese | BBO, LILACS | ID: biblio-1005960

ABSTRACT

O tratamento da periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAG) é muito semelhante ao proposto para as demais formas de doenças periodontais, sendo o padrão ouro a raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR). No entanto, em sítios com bolsas profundas ou localizados em áreas de furca, a RAR pode ser insuficiente para solucionar a infecção periodontal, resultando em bolsas residuais. São raros os trabalhos que avaliam tratamento de bolsas residuais em pacientes portadores de PAG. Também são raros os estudos que visam elucidar o processo de regeneração periodontal nesses indivíduos. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar dois tipos de abordagem, esclarecendo o porquê do projeto ser delineado em duas partes. A primeira parte do estudo visou avaliar se as aplicações repetidas de terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) se equiparam ao acesso cirúrgico no tratamento de bolsas residuais sem lesões de furca. Assim, foram incluídos 46 pacientes que receberam uma das duas abordagens. Tivemos que o acesso cirúrgico promoveu maior redução de PS em bolsas profundas. No entanto, aPDT resultou em menor recessão gengival, ocorrência de hipersensibilidade e ingestão de analgésico. Concluímos, que aPDT é uma terapia adequada e que traz benefícios clínicos no tratamento de bolsas residuais em PAG. Contudo em sítios profundos, a terapia cirúrgica resulta em maior redução de PS. A segunda parte do estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o tratamento para furcas proximais. Como a literatura já aponta que aPDT não é uma terapia eficaz nesses sítios, o estudo visou elucidar o papel da matriz derivada de esmalte (EMD) como tratamento regenerativo nesses defeitos em pacientes com PAG. Foram incluídos 34 pacientes que receberam acesso cirúrgico associado ou não à EMD. Não tivemos diferença intergrupo para nenhum parâmetro. No entanto, sítios com EMD apresentaram um ganho de inserção horizontal significante em relação ao baseline, diferença não presente para o grupo sem EMD. Concluímos que EMD parece não gerar benefícios clínicos significantes, mas demais estudos são necessários para avaliar a efetividade desse material em locais de furca(AU0


The scaling and root planing (SRP) as a part of the non-surgical periodontal treatment is considerate as gold standart to treatment of the periodontal disease. However, in some cases, such as in deep pockets or sites presenting proximal furcation, SRP may be insufficient to resolve the periodontal infection, resulting in residual pockets. There are few studies that evaluate treatment of residual pockets in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Besides that, few studies also aim to elucidate the periodontal regeneration process in these individuals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate two types of approach, clarifying why the project was delineated into two parts. The first part of the study aims to assess whether repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) present equivalent results when compared to surgical approach in the treatment of residual pockets of non-furcation sites. Thus, 46 patients were included and received aPDT or open flap debridement (OFD). The results showed that OFD had a greater a mean reduction of probing depth (PD). However, aPDT presented lower gingival recession, dentin hypersensitivity and analgesic intake. Therefore, we may consider aPDT as an adequate therapy and that brings clinical benefits. Nevertheless, in deep pockets, OFD leads in a greater reduction in PD. The second part aims to evaluate the proximal furcation treatment. The literature shows that aPDT is not an effective therapy in these defects. Thus, the present study aims to elucidate the role of enamel matrix derivative proteins (EMD) as a regenerative therapy in furcation lesions class II. Thirty-four patients were included and received OFD + EMD or OFD, alone. As results, there are no intergroup difference for any parameters. However, OFD + EMD group presented a greater gain of horizontal clinical attachment level when compared to baseline, whereas there is no intragroup difference for OFD group. Therefore, EMD did not promote significant clinical benefits, but other studies are necessary to evaluate the effective this material in proximal furcation(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Aggressive Periodontitis/diagnosis , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , General Surgery/instrumentation , Dental Enamel
3.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2018. 126 p. graf, tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-998773

ABSTRACT

O adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático (PDAC) é a quarta causa de morte em decorrência de neoplasias nos países ocidentais. Atualmente, a cirurgia ressectiva é a única possibilidade de cura para a doença, porém, a recidiva tumoral acontece em menos de um ano após a intervenção cirúrgica, mesmo com a quimioterapia adjuvante. A terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) é uma alternativa promissora no tratamento do câncer. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o uso da PDT em tumores pancreáticos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da PDT com o azul de metileno (MB) como fotossensibilizador (MB-PDT) em induzir a morte de linhagens de PDAC humanas (AsPC-1, Panc-1, MIAPaCa-2 e BxPC-3) e estudar a contribuição de vias de necrose regulada nos efeitos citotóxicos da terapia sobre estes modelos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a MB-PDT foi capaz de induzir a morte massiva das células de PDAC. Além disso, eles indicaram que há dois perfis de susceptibilidade entre as quatro linhagens estudadas quando submetidas a MBPDT com 4,5 J/cm2 de energia e 6min de irradiação. De acordo com os dados apresentados, a diferença nas sensibilidades das linhagens à terapia não está associada à diferenças na capacidade de incorporação do MB ou na localização sub-celular do fotossensibilizador nas diferentes células, uma vez que a localização é, predominantemente, lisossomal em todas elas. Adicionalmente, mostrou-se que as linhagens menos susceptíveis ao tratamento, MIAPaCa-2 e Panc-1, apresentam níveis significativamente menores de RIPK3 e MLKL, dois dos componentes do necrossomo, essenciais para a execução da necroptose. Além disso, foi visto que a MB-PDT induz um aumento de fosforilação de MLKL em AsPC-1, demonstrando a ativação da necroptose após a terapia nestas células, mas não em MIAPaCa-2 (menos responsiva à terapia com 4,5 J/cm2 deenergia e 6min de tempo de irradiação). Ainda, a inibição da via de sinalização necroptótica diminuiu significativamente as porcentagens de morte das células mais susceptíveis (BxPC-3 e AsPC-1), não alterando a resposta de Panc-1 e MIAPaCa-2, corroborando a ativação e importância da necroptose para a citotoxicidade da MB-PDT. Finalmente, neste trabalho foi mostrado que o aumento do tempo de irradiação, mantendo-se a quantidade total de energia aplicada no tratamento, melhora a eficiência da MB-PDT em induzir a morte das células que apresentam limitações para executar a necroptose, sugerindo que mais de uma via de morte esteja sendo ativada após a terapia e que o tempo de irradiação atuaria modulando esta ativação. Complementarmente, foi mostrado que os tempos maiores de irradiação aumentam o estresse oxidativo intracelular que é acompanhado por uma diminuição significativa do conteúdo intracelular de glutationa reduzida (GSH), indicando, preliminarmente, que a ferroptose pode estar sendo acionada após os protocolos mais longos de irradiação. Coletivamente, os resultados apresentados neste trabalho confirmam a eficiência da MB-PDT no tratamento de diferentes linhagens de PDAC, indicando que a necroptose está sendo ativada e contribuindo para a citotoxicidade da terapia sobre as células que não apresentam resistência à esta via de morte. Ainda, eles demonstram que o aumento do tempo de irradiação pode transpor a barreira de resistência de algumas linhagens à terapia, provavelmente por induzir a ativação de outras vias de necrose regulada, mostrando a importância da otimização do protocolo de tratamento no aumento da eficiência da MB-PDT sobre os tumores de pâncreas. Finalmente, os resultados confirmam a MB-PDT como alternativa eficaz no tratamento do PDAC, apresentando um amplo espectro de atuação sobre subtipos tumorais resistentes à vias clássicas de morte celular, uma característica importante no contexto de uma terapia anti-cancer


Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of death due to neoplasms in western countries. Currently, resective surgery is the only therapetical approach to cure this disease, but tumor´s recurrence occurs less than one year after the surgery, even with adjuvant chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative for the cancer treatment. However, the efficacy of PDT to treat pancreatic tumors as well as the mechanisms involved in the induction of tumorigenic cell death remain unclear. For this purpose, in this study, we set out to evaluate the efficacy of PDT using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (MB-PDT), in inducing death of human PDAC derived cell lines (AsPC-1, Panc-1, MIAPaCa-2 and BxPC-3) and to deeper investigate the contribution of necroptosis to the cytotoxic effects of the therapy. We observed that MB-PDT was able to induce massive death of PDAC cells. Moreover, our results indicated that upon MB-PDT (4.5 J/cm2 energy and 6min of irradiation time), there were two susceptibility profiles among the four cell lines studied. Data also showed that this differential profile of cell response was neither associated with the differences in the MB incorporation capacity nor with the subcellular location of the photosensitizer, since the localization was predominantly lysosomal in all of tested cell lines. In addition, less susceptible cells, MIAPaCa-2 and Panc-1, showed significantly lower levels of RIPK3 and MLKL, two of the necrosome components, essential for triggering necroptosis. Furthermore, while MB-PDT (4.5 J/cm2 and 6min of irradiation) has been able to increase MLKL´s phosphorylation levels, an essential step in necroptosis induction, in AsPC-1cells, less responsive MIAPaCa-2 cells presented no variations on the phosphorylation state of this pseudokinase. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the necroptotic signaling pathway significantly decreased cell death percentages of the most susceptible cells (BxPC-3 andAsPC-1), without altering the response of Panc-1 and MIAPaCa-2, corroborating that activation of necroptosis was strongly involved in the cytotoxicity of MB-PDT. Finally, this work showed that increasing the irradiation time improved the efficacy of MB-PDT in killing cells which display limitations to perform necroptosis, suggesting that the irradiation time would be modulating the degree of oxidative stress generated and this stimuli would in turn, be responsible for triggering other regulated cell death pathways in a RIKP3 and MLKL independent way. Indeed, this increase in oxidative stress was accompanied by a significant decrease in GSH, a global indicatior of less antioxidant cell capacity, preliminarily pointing at the induction of ferroptosis by longer irradiation protocols. In summary, we demonstrated that MB-PDT is able to induce cell death in different PDAC cell lines and that different regulated cell death mechanisms are being activated upon MB-PDT induction. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that increased irradiation time may overcome the resistance barrier of some cell lines, probably inducing the activation of other regulated cell death pathways, showing the importance of optimizing the irradiation protocol in order to maximize the efficacy of the therapy. Finally, our observations point MB-PDT as an alternative and effective therapy for pancreatic cancer treatment, displaying a broad-spectrum action on tumors displaying different resistance mechanisms to classic cell death pathways, a desired property for improving an anticancer therapy


Subject(s)
Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Methylene Blue/analysis , Pancreas/abnormalities , Photosensitizing Agents , Cell Biology/classification , Necrosis/classification
4.
An. bras. dermatol ; 92(3): 350-355, May-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886948

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Photodynamic therapy with topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) has been suggested to be effective in treatment of acne vulgaris. However, adverse events occur during and after treatment. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of optical intra-tissue fiber irradiation (OFI) ALA-PDT versus traditional ALA-PDT in treatment of acne vulgaris in rabbit models. Methods: Twenty-five rabbits of clean grade were used. Twenty rabbits were randomly selected to establish acne model and the other five were used as control. Rabbits in model group (40 ears) were further divided into four groups (10 ears/group): I, OFI-ALA-PDT with the head of optical fiber inserted into the target lesion (intra-tissue); II, traditional ALA-PDT group; III, OFI group; IV, blank control group without any treatment. Uncomfortable symptoms, adverse events, and effectiveness rates were recorded on post-treatment day 14, 30, and 45. Results: On post-treatment day 14, the effectiveness rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously higher than that of the other three groups (P<0.05). However, no improved effects were observed in OFI-ALA-PDT group on day 30 and 45. During the period of treatment, the frequencies of uncomfortable symptoms in ALA-PDT group were obviously higher than those in the other three groups (P<0.05). The adverse event rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously lower than that of the ALA-PDT group (P<0.05) Study limitations: The unblindness of the study and temporary animal models of acne induced may hamper the assessment and monitoring of the results, and future studies are still needed to clarify it further. Conclusion: The OFI-ALA-PDT group (intra-tissue irradiation) showed no improved efficacy on treating rabbit ear acne but had higher safety and better tolerability.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Photochemotherapy/methods , Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage , Acne Vulgaris/therapy , Aminolevulinic Acid/administration & dosage , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Random Allocation , Treatment Outcome , Photosensitizing Agents/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Aminolevulinic Acid/adverse effects
5.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 53(2): e16043, 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951897

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) involves the association of a photosensitizing agent with a light source with the goal of causing apoptosis or microbial lysing. The use of compounds with natural active principles is gaining prominence throughout the world. Several studies from groups that are linked to the development of innovations in the pharmaceutical market have used natural dyes, such as curcumin, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated in aPDT trials. Difficulties related to physicochemical stability, solubility and cell penetration are some of the challenges associated with this field. The present work aimed to prepare, investigate the characteristics and improve the photodynamic activity of PLGA-based nanoparticles loaded with curcumin for use in aPDT therapy. Using the simple technique of emulsion during the evaporation of a solvent, the particles were built, characterized and tested against microorganisms with importance for medicine and dentistry. The results revealed that the particles were able to protect the curcumin against degradation and eliminate some microorganism species at nanomolar concentrations.


Subject(s)
Curcumin/analysis , Nanoparticles/analysis , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Drug Compounding
6.
Rev. Assoc. Paul. Cir. Dent ; 70(2): 126-130, abr.-jun. 2016. graf, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-797062

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo avaliou diferentes parâmetros como concentração do fotossensibilizador,tempo/energia de irradiação e uso de fibras ópticas, na a PDT para redução bacteriana intracanal.Avaliou-se, in vitro, em cubetas de quartzo contendo concentrações de 50, 100, 150 e 300μM de solução aquosa de Azul de Metileno (AM) a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) em irradiações adicionais de 30s com um laser de diodo emitindo em 660nm. Utilizando-se a mesma metodologia, foi avaliado os efeitos na produção de EROs com e sem o uso de fibra óptica. Concentrações de 50, 150 e 300μM de AM e análise por imagens, avaliaram a formação do fenômeno escudo óptico. Dez incisivos contaminados com P. Aeruginosas bioluminescentes, foram utilizados para analisar as energias/tempo para redução bacteriana intracanal. Imagens obtidas nos dentes avaliaram a contaminação inicial. Os canais foram preenchidos com o fotossensibilizador (PS) eirradiações de 2,4J foram realizadas. A cada irradiação, imagens foram obtidas e a redução bacteriana avaliada. A formação de EROs é maior em concentrações menores do PS, assim como a formação de escudo óptico. O uso de fibra aumenta a formação de ERO quando comparado a irradiação sem fibra. Irradiação com 7J impossibilitou a detecção de biofilme intracanal. A concentração do PS em que há maior eficiência na formação de EROs e menor formação de escudo óptico se encontra entre 50 a 100μM. O uso de fibras ópticas contribui para maior formação de EROs. Energia de irradiação mínima de 7J promove significativa redução bacteriana intracanal.


This study evaluates different approach such as photos sensitizer (PS) concentration, irradiation time/energy, and the use of optical fiber for intracanal microbial reduction. In a quartzcurvet, aqueous solution of Methylene blue at 50, 100, 150 and 300μM was tested for reactive oxygen species production (ROS) after successive irradiations of 30s with a diode laser (660nm,100mW). Using the same methodology, the ROS production was tested using an optical fiber. Image analyses evaluated the presence of optical shield in 3 different concentration of PS. Tencentral incisors were contaminated with bioluminescent P. aeruginosas to test the ideal energy/time for endodontic microbial reduction. Initial contamination was recorded by image after biofilm grown. The root canals were ful filled with Ps and irradiated with successive energiesof 2.4J. After every irradiation new images were recorded to compare the microbial reduction. ROS formation was improved using low concentration of PS, such as optical shield formation. The use of optical fiber did enhance the ROS formation when compared to irradiation with thelaser tip. Energy of 7J was the minimal energy to achieve lost of bioluminescent signal. For more efficient ROS production and minor optical shield presence, a concentration between 50 and 100μM seams to be ideal. The use of an optical fiber improves ROS production. Energy of 7J promotes significative intracanal de contamination.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Endodontics/methods , Endodontics/standards , Endodontics , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photochemotherapy/instrumentation , Photochemotherapy/methods , Lasers/adverse effects , Lasers , Microbiology/classification , Microbiology/statistics & numerical data
8.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2013. 220 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-847065

ABSTRACT

A adesão celular está ligada à formação e disseminação de metástases, a principal causa de óbito de pacientes diagnosticados com câncer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar in vitro o efeito de fotossensibilizadores na adesão celular. Foram utilizadas porfirinas comerciais (PpIX, CPpI, TSPP, TMPyP e Zn(II)TMPyP) e um fotossensibilizador sintetizado através da ligação de poli-L-lisina à protoporfirina IX (PLLPpIX). A adesão celular foi estudada por RICM, técnica que permite quantificar a área de contato entre uma célula e um substrato por binarização das imagens digitais utilizando limiares apropriados. A técnica foi padronizada e revelou dois regimes de adesão celular: um limitado e outro não limitado pela quantidade de proteína de adesão adsorvida na superfície. Neste último foi observada lise celular. Todos os fotossensibilizadores estudados foram capazes de aumentar a adesão celular na ausência de irradiação comparados ao controle sem fotossensibilizador, o que não havia sido observado nos ensaios de resistência à tripsinização normalmente utilizados para estudar o efeito de fotossensibilizadores na adesão celular. Quanto maior a anfifilicidade do fotossensibilizador, maior foi o efeito na adesão, o que é explicado pela capacidade das moléculas em se intercalarem na membrana, mudando a sua rigidez. Este aumento da adesão no escuro correlaciona com a diminuição da migração segundo ensaios de ferida. A análise do padrão de expressão de integrinas na superfície celular revela que o aumento da adesão correlaciona com o aumento na expressão de αV. Quando os fotossensibilizadores estão concentrados na região perimembranar (1 minuto de incubação) e as células são irradiadas, há um aumento da adesão em relação ao controle sem fotossensibilizador, mas uma diminuição em relação ao controle tratado com o fotossensibilizador e não irradiado, o que implica que a PDT leva a uma diminuição da adesão celular e não a um aumento como reportado na literatura. Com 3h de incubação, PLLPpIX impede a adesão celular, enquanto PpIX praticamente não muda a adesão comparado ao controle não irradiado. Esta ausência do efeito da irradiação sugere que a PpIX afeta a adesão celular principalmente devido a sua intercalação na membrana e não devido à formação de espécies reativas. Com 3h de incubação os fotossensibilizadores não se encontram na membrana e, portanto, o efeito na adesão celular é indireto e também não está relacionado à diferenças na eficiência de internalização. O comportamento observado deve ter relação com diferenças de citolocalização. Outro processo que pode alterar a adesão celular é a oxidação das proteínas do soro fetal bovino. Como observado nos estudos de fotossensibilização de células, PLLPpIX foi capaz de impedir a adesão celular, diferentemente da PpIX. A maior eficiência da PLLPpIX foi associada a presença do polímero, o qual força por questões estéricas que a interação da PLLPpIX com a albumina, o componente majoritário do soro, fique restrita à superfície da proteína, deixando o fotossensibilizador disponível para interagir com o oxigênio molecular e gerar oxigênio singlete. Assim, a funcionalização com um polímero tornou a PpIX capaz de modular a adesão celular tanto agindo dentro da célula quanto na matriz extracelular


Cell adhesion is associated to the formation and spread of metastasis, the leading cause of death in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the effect of photosensitizers in cell adhesion. Five commercial porphyrins (PpIX, CPpI, TSPP, TMPyP e Zn(II)TMPyP) and Protoporphyrin IX covalently tethered to poli-L-lysine (PLLPpIX) were used. Cell adhesion was mainly studied by RICM, a technique that allows quantifying the contact area between a cell and a substrate for binarization of digital images using appropriate thresholds. The technique was standardized and disclosed two systems for cell adhesion: a system limited by the amount of adhesion proteina adsorbed on the surface and another one no limited, in which cell lysis was observed. All photosensitizers were able to enhance cell adhesion in the absence of irradiation compared to control without photosensitizer, which had not been observed in the trypsinization resistance tests usually used to study the effect of photosensitizers in cell adhesion. The greater the amphiphilicity of the photosensitizer, the greater was the effect on cell adhesion. This is explained by the ability of molecules to fit in the membrane, changing its tension. This increased adhesion correlates with the decrease in migration according to wound healing assays. Analysis of the integrin expression pattern on cell surface reveals that increased adhesion correlates with increased expression of alpha V. When photosensitizers are concentrated in the perimembranar region (1 minute of incubation) and cells are irradiated, there is an increase in adhesion when compared to control without photosensitizer, but a decrease relative to controls treated with the photosensitizer without irradiation, implying that PDT leads to a reduction of cell adhesion and not to an increase as reported in the literature. With 3h of incubation PLLPpIX prevents cell adhesion, while PpIX practically does not change the adhesion compared to dark control. This lack of effect of irradiation suggests that PpIX affects cell adhesion primarily because of its intercalation into the membrane and not due to the formation of reactive species. With 3h of incubation the photosensitizers are not on the membrane and therefore the effect on cell adhesion is indirect and it is not also related to differences in uptake efficiency. The observed behavior must be related to differences in subcellular localization arising from differences in molecular structure. Another process that can alter the cell adhesion is serum protein oxidation. As noted in the studies with cells, photosensitization of serum with PLLPpIX (but not with PpIX) was capable of preventing cell adhesion. The greater efficiency of PLLPpIX was associated with the presence of the polymer, which, by the steric hindrance, forces that interaction of PLLPpIX with albumin, the major serum component, is restricted to the protein surface, leaving the photosensitizer available to interact with molecular oxygen and generate singlet oxygen. Thus, the functionalization of a polymer has turned PpIX capable of modulating cell adhesion by acting both within and outside (in extracellular matrix) the cell


Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion/genetics , Porphyrins/analysis , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , L-Lysine 6-Transaminase , Neoplasms/genetics , Oxidative Stress/genetics , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photosensitizing Agents/adverse effects , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods
9.
An. bras. dermatol ; 87(4): 521-529, July-Aug. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-645318

ABSTRACT

Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a photosensitizing drug and its subsequent activation by irradiation with a light source at wavelengths matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer. In many countries around the world, topical photodynamic therapy has been approved for treatment of cutaneous oncologic conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Multicenter, randomized, controlled studies have confirmed its efficacy and superior cosmetic outcomes compared to conventional therapies. Nevertheless, this therapeutic method presents some adverse effects, such as erythema, edema, pigmentation, pustules, and pain. There is no doubt that pain is the most severe of the adverse effects, being sometimes responsible for definitive treatment interruption. The pain mechanism has not yet been fully understood, which makes complete pain control a challenge to be conquered. In spite of that, this literature review presents some useful pain management strategies as well as the most important pain-related factors in photodynamic therapy.


A terapia fotodinâmica consiste na administração de uma droga fotossensibilizante e sua subseqüente irradiação com uma fonte de luz de espectro correspondente ao do seu fotossensibilizador. Em diversos países do mundo, a terapia fotodinâmica tópica é aprovada para o tratamento de condições oncológicas cutâneas como queratoses actínicas, doença de Bowen e carcinoma basocelular superficial. Estudos multicêntricos controlados e randomizados confirmam sua eficácia e seus resultados cosméticos superiores em relação às terapias convencionais. No entanto, existem alguns efeitos adversos inerentes a esse método terapêutico, como eritema, edema, pigmentação, pústulas e dor. Essa última é, sem dúvida, a mais importante deles, chegando a ser responsável pela interrupção definitiva do tratamento em alguns casos. O mecanismo dessa dor permanece ainda não completamente entendido. Tal fato faz do controle total da dor durante a terapia fotodinâmica um desafio ainda a ser conquistado. Apesar disso, esta revisão apresenta algumas estratégias que podem ajudar os pacientes a tolerar melhor a terapia fotodinâmica, além de relacionar os principais fatores ligados à dor descritos na literatura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain/prevention & control , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use , Skin Diseases/drug therapy , Pain/etiology , Photochemotherapy/methods
10.
An. bras. dermatol ; 87(3): 418-423, May-June 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-638532

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Actinic cheilitis, a common disease caused by chronic solar exposure and tobacco use, is considered a premalignant lesion with potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma. Some of the available treatments are invasive, have unaesthetic results and require multiple sessions. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a therapy and its cosmetic results. METHODS: In this uncontrolled clinical trial a single photodynamic therapy (PDT) session using 16% methyl-aminolevulinate was performed on actinic cheilitis of the lower lip. A standardized questionnaire was applied in order to assess the clinical improvement from the patients' point of view and the satisfaction with the treatment. Anatomopathological evaluation was performed before the treatment and two months afterwards. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 19 patients (10 males and 9 females), phototypes I to III, with average age of 62 years. Main adverse effects were: sudden pain, scabs, herpes flare-up, and edema. The average score of pain during the procedure was 5,8+2,9. At the final assessment the patients reported improvement of 80% and satisfaction of 85% (p<0.01). Anatomopathological analysis showed a significant decrease of dysplasia (p=0.03) in spite of its presence in 84% of cases. There was no significant correlation between the level of dysplasia with either the subjective impression of clinical improvement (p=0.82) or with the patients' final satisfaction (p=0.96). CONCLUSION: PDT is effective in the treatment of actinic cheilitis, but it is associated with a significant level of pain. Due to the persistence of dysplasia, more research needs to be done in order to define the ideal number of sessions for the effective treatment of these lesions.


FUNDAMENTOS: Queilite actínica, afecção causada por exposição solar crônica e tabagismo, é considerada lesão pré-maligna com possibilidade de transformação para carcinoma espinocelular. Alguns tratamentos descritos são invasivos, têm resultados inestéticos e requerem múltiplas aplicações. OBJETIVO: Verificar o uso de tratamento efetivo com resultado esteticamente aceitável. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico não controlado, utilizando terapia fotodinâmica com cloridrato de aminolevulinato de metila creme 16%, única aplicação, na queilite actínica de lábio inferior. Aplicação de questionário padronizado para avaliar melhora clínica da lesão subjetiva do paciente e satisfação com tratamento. Avaliação anatomopatológica antes da aplicação e dois meses após. RESULTADOS: Amostra compreendeu 19 pacientes (10 homens e 9 mulheres), fototipos I a IH, idade média 62 anos. Principais efeitos adversos: dor imediata, crostas, herpes labial e edema. Escore médio de dor referida durante o procedimento foi 5,8±2,9. Na avaliação final, os pacientes referiram melhora de 80% das lesões e apresentaram mediana de 85% de satisfação (p<0,01). Análise anatomopatológica mostrou diminuição significativa de displasia (p=0,03), apesar da persistência em 84% dos casos. Não houve correlação significativa da redução no grau de displasia com impressão subjetiva de melhora clínica (p=0,82) ou com satisfação final do paciente (p=0,96). CONCLUSÃO: TFD é efetiva no tratamento da queilite actínica, porém associada a grau significativo de dor. Devido à persistência de displasia, mais estudos são necessários para definir o número ideal de aplicações para tratamento efetivo destas lesões.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Aminolevulinic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Cheilitis/drug therapy , Photochemotherapy , Pain/etiology , Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage , Aminolevulinic Acid/administration & dosage , Aminolevulinic Acid/adverse effects , Patient Satisfaction , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photosensitizing Agents/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome
11.
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine ; : 95-97, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-181911

ABSTRACT

Brugada syndrome can be unmasked by several conditions including a febrile state, marked leukocytosis, and electrolyte disturbances. Herein, we describe a 62-year-old man with cholangiocarcinoma in the first reported case of Brugada syndrome onset following photodynamic therapy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bile Duct Neoplasms/drug therapy , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic , Brugada Syndrome/diagnosis , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Cholangiocarcinoma/drug therapy , Electrocardiography , Fatal Outcome , Fever/etiology , Klatskin Tumor/drug therapy , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Predictive Value of Tests , Treatment Outcome
12.
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine ; : 278-284, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-195166

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this non-randomized study was to determine the role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a multimodal approach for the palliation of advanced esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with obstructing esophageal cancer were enrolled in this study. Each subject had dysphagia, and nine could not swallow fluid. External beam radiotherapy or a self-expandable metal stent was used following PDT for dysphagia due to recurrence of the malignancy. RESULTS: At 4 weeks post-PDT, a significant improvement in the dysphagia score was observed in 90% of patients, from 2.75 +/- 0.91 to 1.05 +/- 0.83 (p < 0.05). Patients with recurrent dysphagia underwent stent insertion at an average of 63 days (range, 37 to 90). The rate of major complications was 10%. Two esophageal strictures occurred, which were treated by placement of a modified expandable stent across the stricture. The median survival in these cases was 7.0 +/- 0.6 months. One patient that was treated with PDT and radiotherapy is alive and showed a complete tumor response. CONCLUSIONS: PDT as a multimodality treatment is safe and effective for relieving malignant esophageal obstruction with minimal complications.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adenocarcinoma/complications , Biopsy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Esophageal Neoplasms/complications , Esophageal Stenosis/etiology , Esophagoscopy , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Metals , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Palliative Care , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Prosthesis Design , Radiotherapy, Adjuvant , Stents , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
13.
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology ; : 98-104, 2011.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-210240

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The goal of the present research was to study post-treatment changes in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) shown by optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: The study included 12 patients with naive PCV. Photodynamic therapy and 3 consecutive intravitreal bevacizumab injections at 6-week intervals were given. Best corrected visual acuity, subretinal fluid (SRF), pigment epithelium detachment (PED), central macular thickness (CMT), and total macular volume (TMV) were measured before and after treatment as assessed by Stratus OCT3. RESULTS: After treatment, the SRF height decreased earlier than the PED height. The SRF diameter decreased with statistical significance. However, the PED diameter did not show a statistically significant improvement, persisting at pre-treatment levels. Both CMT and TMV decreased significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: After PCV treatment, SRF and PED stabilized, as shown by OCT. However, the PED treatment response was both delayed and refractory compared to the SRF response. The small change in post-treatment PED diameter may suggest the possibility of PCV recurrence.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Choroid/pathology , Choroid Diseases , Choroidal Neovascularization/diagnosis , Disease Progression , Fluorescein Angiography , Follow-Up Studies , Fundus Oculi , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Prognosis , Retinal Detachment/diagnosis , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Subretinal Fluid , Time Factors , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Visual Acuity
14.
Perionews ; 4(2): 131-136, mar.-abr. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-727438

ABSTRACT

A patogênese da doença periodontal está associada ao acúmulo de microrganismo em um biofilme dental adjacente a margem gengival. O objetivo do tratamento periodontal é desorganizar o biofilme supra e subgengival e remover os depósitos bacterianos calcificados das superfícies radiculares, na tentativa de prevenir a progressão da doença, isto é, a perda de inserção clínica. Recentemente, a terapia fotodinâmica tem sido estudada na Periodontia e consiste na utilização de uma fonte de luz que pode ser um laser de baixa potência, em combinação com substâncias fotossensibilizadoras. Esta revisão da literatura tem por finalidade apresentar os trabalhos sobre a terapia fotodinâmica e seus efeitos tanto na redução bacteriana, quanto na reparação dos tecidos periodontais. A análise da literatura demonstrou que esta terapia é eficaz na redução de bactérias periodontopatogênicas, tanto na forma planctônica quanto na forma de biofilme; os trabalhos in vivo em animais têm demonstrado redução da perda óssea alveolar e alguns trabalhos clínicos em humanos demonstraram melhoras nas condições clínicas dos tecidos, sendo uma terapia coadjuvante promissora à terapia periodontal não cirúrgica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Periodontal Diseases , Periodontitis , Photochemotherapy
15.
Rev. chil. dermatol ; 26(3): 250-256, 2010. graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-569980

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La terapia fotodinámica es un procedimiento útil en el manejo del acné inflamatorio. Diversos esquemas terapéuticos se han usado. Objetivo: Demostrar eficacia y tolerancia de una sesión de TFD-MAL en el manejo del acné inflamatorio. Métodos: Una sesión de TFD-MAL y luz roja por cuatro minutos e incubación de tres horas fue realizada en 30 pacientes portadores de acné inflamatorio, leve, o moderadamente severo. Resultados: Resolución clínica de las lesiones o las seis semanas fue considerada buena (mejoría > 50%) en un 70% según evaluación médica y en un 66,6% según evaluación por el paciente. Se consignaron efectos adversos de eritema, descamación y rezumación leves dentro de las primeras 48 horas de la terapia en una gran proporción de pacientes. No se presentaron efectos adversos residuales o la semana 6. La encuesta de satisfacción relacionada a tolerancia y rapidez de acción demostró aceptación de la terapia en un 56% de los casos. Conclusión: La TFD-MAL con una sesión, incubación de tres horas y cuatro minutos de iluminación con luz roja constituye una buena alternativa terapéutica para el manejo del acné inflamatorio recalcitrante o en pacientes con contraindicaciones a terapias habituales.


Introduction: Photodynamic therapy is useful in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Several modalities have been used. Objective: To prove efficacy and tolerance of one session of PDT-MAL in the management of inflammatory acne. Methods: One session of PDT-MAL, for 4 minutes of red light, with an incubation period of 3 hours was performed in 30 patients with inflammatory mild to moderate-severe acne. Results: Clinical resolution at 6 weeks was considered good (resolution > 50%) in 70% of the patients under dermatologist evaluation and in 66.6% under patient evaluation. Adverse effects such as erythema, desquamation, oozoning were light and present in the first 48 hrs in o great proportion of cases. No adverse effects were seen at week 6. Satisfaction interview related to tolerance and speed of action showed good therapy acceptance in 56% of the patients. Conclusion: One session of PD T-MAL after 3 hours of incubation period and 4 minutes of red light is o good therapeutic option for the management of resistant inflammatory acne or to be used in patients with contraindication of common therapies for acne.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Aminolevulinic Acid/therapeutic use , Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy , Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use , Photochemotherapy , Acne Vulgaris/pathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Erythema/chemically induced , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Molting , Patient Satisfaction , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
18.
São Paulo; s.n; 24 nov. 2008. 161 p. graf, tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508069

ABSTRACT

Neste trabalho são apresentados estudos do efeito de interfaces nas propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas do azul de metileno (AM) e de derivados fenotiazínicos com o intuito de avaliar o potencial destes compostos como fotossensibilizadores (FS) em terapia fotodinâmica. As propriedades físico-químicas do AM foram estudadas em soluções de SDS e observou-se que a presença do AM em solução altera o equilíbrio entre as micelas de SDS, -diminuindo o valor da concentração micelar crítica de 7mmolL-1 para 70µmoIL-1. A presença das micelas em solução também interfere nas propriedades do AM. Em baixas concentrações de SDS há formação de dímeros de AM, constatados pelo aumento da absorbância em 580nm e diminuição da emissão de fluorescência. A caracterização das espécies transientes mostrou a existência de moléculas de azul de metileno no estado triplete (3AM) e de oxigênio singlete em soluções com altas concentrações de SDS e a formação de espécies radicalares do AM em baixas concentrações do tensoativo. Esta observação sugere que o mecanismo fotoquímico do AM é dependente da sua concentração local próxima de interfaces carregadas. As interações do AM e de alguns de seus derivados fenotiazínicos (tionina, azure A e azure B) com vesículas e com células...


Subject(s)
Hypoxia/drug therapy , Methylene Blue/pharmacokinetics , Methylene Blue/chemical synthesis , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photochemotherapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Singlet Oxygen/radiation effects , Biomimetic Materials , Cell Culture Techniques , Spectrophotometry , Spectrum Analysis
19.
Acta gastroenterol. latinoam ; 37(4): 250-258, 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-490743

ABSTRACT

El manejo actual del esófago de Barrett incluye el tratamiento de los síntomas de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, la prevención del daño erosivo y la vigilancia endoscópica para detectar la progresión a displasia de alto grado y adenocarcinoma esofágico. Ante la presencia de displasia de alto grado y cáncer superficial, se han intentado terapias menos invasivas, alternativas a la cirugía resectiva, como el Argon Plasma Coagulator, Electrocoagulación Multipolar, Heater Probe, asociados o no a cirugía antirreflujo, la Terapia Fotodinámica y en los últimos años la ablación endoscópica por radiofrecuencia o BARREx. Se vislumbran además como terapias de destrucción del epitelio de Barrett actualmente en estudio la terapia ultrasónica y la crioterapia. La Resección Mucosa Endoscópica del epitelio de Barrett, procedimiento con potencial curativo, es además la única técnica que permite el análisis histopatológico del tejido. En la presente revisión analizaremos los resultados obtenidos con las diferentes terapias endoscópicas actuales y en desarrollo para el esófago de Barrett.


Actual Barrett’s esophagus management includes symptomatic approach for GERD in order to prevent erosive injury, and endoscopic & histologycal surveillance to detect dysplasia and early cancer. In high-grade dysplasia and superficial carcinoma, less aggressive procedures has been attempted to avoid extended surgery, such as Argon Plasma Coagulator, Multipolar Coagulation, Heater Probe, Photodynamic Therapy, and recently radiofrequency local treatment, associated or not to antireflux surgery. Ultrasonic therapy and Cryotherapy are new approaches, which are under clinical investigation. Barrett’s epithelium resection utilizing endoscopical mucosal resection is a new promising procedure, which comes to the arena, allowing besides the compromised epithelium removal, its complete pathological evaluation and probably a curative intent. The actual revision intents to discuss the results of the different alternatives at the platform of treatment in dysplastic Barrett’s or early carcinoma growing in the Barrett’s epithelium.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adenocarcinoma/therapy , Barrett Esophagus/therapy , Esophageal Neoplasms/therapy , Esophagoscopy/methods , Adenocarcinoma/etiology , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Barrett Esophagus/complications , Barrett Esophagus/pathology , Disease Progression , Electrocoagulation/adverse effects , Electrocoagulation/methods , Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology , Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology , Esophagoscopy/adverse effects , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Photochemotherapy/methods , Severity of Illness Index
20.
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology ; : 185-187, 2007.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-225451

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report a case of retinal detachment with a macular hole following photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin and intravtreal bevacizumab injection in the treatment of myopic choroidal neovasclarization (CNV). METHODS: A 58 -year-old woman was diagnosed with myopic CNV and treated with a combination of PDT with verteporfin and intravitreal bevacizumab injection that same day. She received the second injection of intravitreal bevacizumab four weeks after the initial treatment. RESULTS: The patient developed a sudden decline in vision one week after the second injection; and was subsequently diagnosed with retinal detachment associated with a macular hole. She underwent standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling, fluid-air exchange and silicone oil injection. The retina was still firmly attached at the patient's final follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: PDT and intravitreal bevacizumab injection used for the treatment of myopic CNV can be associated with retinal detachment with a macular hole. Patients need to be informed about this potential complication, and a higher index of suspicion may be warranted in patients who report sudden vision loss after the treatment.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Choroidal Neovascularization/drug therapy , Injections , Photochemotherapy/adverse effects , Retinal Detachment/etiology , Retinal Perforations/etiology , Vitreous Body
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